Start with the shape of the water

A river records the slope and material of the land around it. Fast, narrow sections often indicate a steeper channel, while wider bends allow sediment to settle.

Look beyond the bank

Vegetation, exposed roots, and high-water marks show how conditions change through the year. A useful observation combines what is visible now with signs of earlier flow.

Keep notes comparable

Record location, weather, water colour, and recent rainfall in the same order each time. A repeated structure makes differences easier to notice later.